Commexes Turnover Up By 57% Till May 15 This Fiscal- May 29, 2010

Forward Markets Commission (FMC) has said the turnover of 23 commodity exchanges has surged by 57 % to Rs. 11,83,726 crore till 15th May 2010 as compared to Rs. 7,52,518 crore in the corresponding period of previous year.

FMC said in a statement that the Futures trading in metals, bullion, energy and agriculture items have reported for the maximum business between 1st April and 15th May.

Copper and Nickel has surged to Rs. 339,431 crore till 15 this month for the current financial year as against Rs. 137,961 crore in the corresponding period of previous financial year.

Turnover from Bullion has increased by 54 % to Rs. 500,280 crore as against Rs. 324,741 crore, revenue from energy surged by 24 % to Rs. 208,256 crore as compared to Rs. 166,982 crore, while agriculture items contributed Rs. 135,755 crore during the period.

Among the 4 national commodity exchanges, Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (MCX) has registered a highest business of Rs. 967,971 crore followed by National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Ltd. (NCDEX) at Rs. 1,08,171 crore, Indian Commodity Exchange Ltd. (ICEX) at Rs. 69,077 crore and National Multi Commodity Exchange (NMCE) at Rs. 34,161 crore between 1st April and 15th May 2010.

Besides, Indore-based National Board of Trade (NBOT) made a maximum turnover of Rs. 2,642 crore during the review period.

At present, there are 4 national and 19 regional exchanges in India.

Cotton Buffer Stock: Who Should Maintain It, Industry Or The Government?- May 28, 2010

Who should maintain the cotton buffer stock, this has been a question for quite sometime now. Textile manufacturers want assured raw material supplies and protection from volatile prices. As per the industrialists, the Government should create a cotton buffer stock which shall be of around 100-200 lakh bales, which is a whopping 30 to 70 per cent of annual production. This stock could be used as intervention stocks to contain price rise.

But as on the part of the government, it is of the view that the industry should find the solution for this within. It is no part of the Government's duty to provide raw material for the industry. Industries with progressive leadership do not depend on Government largesse.

As per the head of a South-based garment company, the Union Government should formulate a cotton banking strategy which would store around 1-2 crore bales so that Indian cotton is available to domestic textile units rather than being exported. The industry is of the view that, due to the export of cotton, the textile industry has to face problems. India being left behind by Bangladesh in the textile export fears that they may lose out to Vietnam too in garment export.

Coming down to the production part of cotton in the country, in the year 2002 India's cotton production was around 170 lakh bales and imports were 15-20 lakh bales, but since the introduction of technology seeds and its rapid spread since 2003, India's cotton production has now reached 300 lakh bales. It is because of the Indian cotton growers who enthusiastically planted cotton year after year and the infusion of technology that the production has been able to see such heights. The domestic textile industry has had hardly any role to play in this remarkable turnaround.

The fact that the plea from both the end seems justified, the question still remains open: Who should maintain the buffer stock, industry or the government?

Adequate Training Could Make India The Largest Banana Exporter- May 27, 2010

Irrespective of the fact that India is the world's largest banana producers, it does not have any market share when it comes to the international market. The reason for this is the quality of the bananas which are produced in the country. Indian banana, although hardy but due to the rough handling becomes disfigured, the result of which is black skin which is generally blotchy.

Realizing the country's potential in banana's exports, steps are now being taken to improve upon the quality of the fruit. As per Danish Shah, managing partner, Sanghar Exports "Over 80% of the bananas of our country are of export quality. We just have to teach our farmers how to handle them properly before and after the harvest," He further adds, "Our farm holdings are bigger as compared to those in the Philippines and the adoption of drip irrigation systems in banana cultivation is higher," Sanghar Exports, based in Pune is exporting bananas under K1 brand to the Middle East from January. It has set up an equal joint venture company, Dana International with NEH of the Philippines.

Irrespective of the fact that even if the Indian bananas are better off than the produce of the other countries, we do not get paid off well and the reason for this is he brand image in the international market.

To overcome such an image, now the Indian farmers' are being trained upon the awareness about fruit care and handling of fruit from harvesting to processing. Nearly 20-30 farmers are trained in a week. Regular visits are also made to their farms and it is checked that whether they are following the practices. For this purpose of training and education experts from NEH, Philippines are being called upon.

US May Lose Top Wheat Exporter Rank After 65 Yrs- May 26, 2010

As per the estimates of US department of Agriculture, US is all set to lose its position as the largest wheat exporter to Black Sea states of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. As per the stimates, these countries are all set to increase their wheat exports by more than 50 million tones by the end of this decade and in the process overtaking US for the first time since second World War.

Russian and Ukranian wheat production is projected to increase by around 20% and 17% respectively by 2019 end. The various factors like, increased usage of fertilizers, expansion of efficient corporate farms and switching to autumn snow wheat are playing an important role in increasing the wheat production in the region.

Gold Rises After 5-Day Fall, SPDR Unchanged- May 25, 2010

Despite witnessing its biggest weekly percentage loss in around 15 months, the yellow metal (gold) witnessed an upward trend on Monday. The main reason for the increase in the price of the commodity is the remaining uncertainty over the global economy. The long term investors also maintained their affinity for the precious metal despite the recent rise in volatility in other markets, including stocks. These factors along with continuing concerns of the European debt crisis has maintained gold position as a safe haven, which is playing an important role in driving up the prices of the commodity.

Copper Edges Up As Low Prices Tempt Buyers- May 22, 2010

On Friday, the copper prices rebounded after witnessing days of decline. The various factors that played an important role in driving up the prices of the commodity are as follows: ,X Buyers were tempted to buy the metal because of low price of the commodity ,X Recovery in the Chinese stock market ,X Easing concerns of the European debt crisis ,X Depreciation of dollar

Bountiful Indian Wheat To Swell Global Grain Glut- May 21, 2010

On the back of India's fourth good wheat harvest in a row, the country's wheat stocks have reached 31 million tonnes, which is around eight times its target of 4 million tonnes. This surplus is forcing the authorities to pile up nearly 7 million tonnes of grain under tarpaulin in the grain bowl states of Punjab and Haryana.

In order to save the tarpaulin-covered mounds of wheat from the fast approaching monsoon rains, government is trying to ship additional cargoes of wheat to its neighbours and try to make inroads into Southeast Asia and the Middle East countries. For instance, on Tuesday Indian government waved through exports of 100,000 tonnes of non-basmati rice to Bangladesh, a week after permitting shipment of 400,000 tonnes of wheat to the country.

However, the government is still not in a position to completely scrap its ban on wheat exports because it would stir up public protest against rising food prices, which have surged more than 16 per cent in the year to May.

Sugar Prices Likely To Fall Further In State- May 20, 2010

The ex-mills sugar prices in the state of Maharastra have started witnessing declining trends after rumours about imposition of import duty on sugar have quietened. A fortnight ago, the ex-mill sugar prices in the largest sugar producing state in the country declined to INR 2,550/ql due to reports about sugar availability exceeding requirements of the commodity.

Moreover, the prices are further projected to decline after the government’s stand on charging import duty on white sugar becomes clearer. Presently, the government has only excluded raw sugar from the purview of import duty.

Pulses Coverage Set To Gain- May 19, 2010

As per industry estimates, the area under pulses is projected to increase this fiscal as farmers are getting attractive prices for their produce and the likelihood of a higher minimum support prices. In addition to this various other factors that are playing an important role in increasing the acreage under pulses are as follows:

,X High price of the pulses in the last two years ,X Minimum support price ,X allocation of Rs 300 crore to improve oilseeds and pulses production in this fiscal's Budget with a special package for 60,000 villages that grow these crops.

On the back of above mentioned trends, the Union Agricultural Ministry has revised pulses production for the year 2009-10 to be around 14.77 million tones as against the earlier estimates of 14.74 million tons. However, much will depend on the the rains between the month of Juna and July.

Sugar Mills Fear Hit From Imports- May 18, 2010

As per the industry estimates, the Indian sugar industry is projected to incur a loss of around INR 6,500 crore, if the Indian government does not re impose import duty on cheap raw and white sugar. The Indian government had removed duty on raw and white sugar on the back of two consecutive years because of low output of the commodity. This decision has helped the bulk consumers to import duty free sugar till 1st April 2011.

On the contrary, duty free sugar imports this financial year will have a negative impact on the sugar prices in India on the back of Indian government projects of 24 mt sugar output this season. As the duty free sugar sells cheaper than the locally produced sugar the sugar prices are projected to decline to around INR 22-23 per kilogram on the back of high sugar supply this season which will jeopardize the interest of sugarcane farmers because cane price is normally 70% of ex-mill sugar prices.

As a result, Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) is proposing around 60% duty on imported sugar which will discourage imports and also keep the consumer prices relatively high. On the back of these trends in the Indian market, Indian Agricultural Minister has signaled that "protecting the sugarcane farmer's interests" would be used as an excuse to impose duty on sugar.

Govt To Raise Ethanol Output To Help Mills Supplement Earnings- May 15, 2010

As per the Indian Agricultural Minister, india is planning to increase the ethanol production so as to protect sugar mills from the falling prices of the sweetener on the back of industry estimates of bumper sugar production next year. The increased production of ethanol will help the farmers fetch more money on the back of government­Ýs decision of making sale of ethanol-blended petrol compulsory.

In order to increase the ethanol production in the country, government is also taking a number of initiatives which are as follows: ,X The government plans to buy ethanol from sugar mills at INR 27 a litre for six months compared with INR 21.5 earlier. However, the price needs the approval of the cabinet ,X The government has provided loans of around INR 300 crore to sugar mills in the past three years to build additional annual ethanol production capacity of around 365 million litres

Sugar Firms Ask Govt To Quickly Fix Ethanol Price- May 14, 2010

According to the Indian Sugar Mills association, the sugar manufacturers in the country are committed to supplying ethanol on a long terms basis (six months) and at an economical viable price. The Indian government decision to fix the price of ethanol at INR 27 per litre (ex-factory) for the period between July to December 2010 is still hanging in balance because neither the petroleum ministry nor the oil companies have made any move to take the government decision further.

In addition to this, chemical and liquor industry are also opposed to the blending of petroleum products with sugar as any diversion of molassses to fuel-ethanol production will push up raw material prices and will result in declining profits margins. As a result, the sugar manufacturers have stopped production of ethanol in the absence of buyers as the government is yet to take a call on the ethanol price.

Steel Consumption Up 9.6% In April- May 13, 2010

Driven mainly by the increasing demand of steel from sectors such as - automobiles, white goods and construction, the country's consumption of steel has surged to 9.6 % to 4.14 mn tonnes (mt) in April 2010 as against 3.78 mt in the corresponding period of the previous year.

According to the provisional data released by the steel ministry, the production of the steel during April 2010 increased by 5.3 % to 4.9 mt as compared to 4.6 mt in April 2009.

Moreover, the steel imports surged by 47.9 % to 6.6 lakh tonnes during the period, thereby increasing the domestic availability of steel and putting pressure on local prices.

However, steel producers like Steel Authority of India, JSW Steel and Essar Steel today has raised prices of steel by Rs 2,000-2,500 a tonne citing rise in input cost.

Besides, Steel exports continued to slip and dropped 34.8 % to 1.84 lakh tonnes in April 2010, mainly due to the slow pace of recovery in steel importing countries like - U.S and the European markets.

Currently, there is a 10% export duty on iron ore lump and 5% on iron ore fines.

Other steel majors like - Tata Steel and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam has reported a growth of 4.7 % to 5.4 lakh tonnes and 19.8 % surge to 2.02 lakh tonnes, respectively in saleable steel production, in April 2010 as against the corresponding period of the previous financial year.

As per the official data released, SAIL's output in April remained unchanged t last year's level of 9.9 lakh tonnes.

However, for the previous financial year ended 31st March 2010, India's consumption of steel surged by 8 %.

India's steel consumption surged to 56.3 mt in the previous financial year from 52.3 mt in the year ago. Production rose by 4.2 % to 60 mt.

Tea Production Likely To Touch 1 Billion Kg This Year- May 12, 2010

As per the estimates of the Chairman of Tea Board, the tea production in India is expected to increase by around 2% this year to reach around 1 billion kilogram. On the back of increased production of the commodity, the Indian tea exports are also projected to increase by around 4% to reach 200 Million kilogram in 2010.

Because of the positive outlook of the tea production this season, tea board is exploring/targeting new markets like Afghanistan, Russia and Kazakhstan for exports.

Crude Oil Futures Rise On Europe's Emergency Fund- May 10, 2010

At MCX, July contracts for the crude oil ended on INR 3,689 an increase of INR 1 for the day ending on 8th May 2010. The main reason for this increase was the continuing financial crisis in the Euro zone leading to the speculations of an emergency fund will contain sovereign debt risks and maintain economic growth in the region. In addition to this, uncertainty over the Gulf of Mexico oil spill along with US supply glut also played an important role in driving the future prices of the commodity.

Cardamom Continues Upward Trend- May 8, 2010

At MCX, June contracts for cardamom ended on INR 1,398 an increase of INR 6.50 for the day ending on 6th May 2010. The Cardamom prices are expected to move up on the account of expected lower production of the commodity this year in comparison to the previous year (around 4000 tons less than the previous year). In addition to this, the weak stock position of the commodity is playing an important part in increasing the demand of the commodity and hence an increase in price.

Oil Futures Witnesses Biggest Weekly Drop- May 7, 2010

At MCX, June contracts for crude oil ended on INR 3,670 a decline of INR 94 for the day ending on 6th May 2010. The factors that are playing an important role in the declining prices of the commodity are as follows:

* Continued concerns regarding the spread of Greek debt crisis all over the Europe * A stunning decline in the US financial markets on the concerns regarding Europe's financial crisis will halt the global recovery.

Copper Futures Witnessing A Declining Trend- May 6, 2010

At MCX, June contracts for copper ended on INR 315.45 a decline of around INR 1.30 for the day ending on 5th May 2010. The main reason for the decline in the price of the metal was the debt crisis in Greece, Spain and Portugal. In addition to this, the appreciation of US dollar against Euro along with the decline in the construction sector in China also played an important role in slowing down the demand of the commodity.

Crude Oil Gains On Increased Demand- May 4, 2010

At MCX, May contracts for crude oil ended on INR 3841 an increase of INR 27 for the day ending on 3rd May 2010. This increase was due to the fact that the oil spill of the US coast would interrupt the short term supply of the crude in the country thereby increasing the demand of the commodity. Moreover, the US government report showing an increase in the consumer spending for the month of March also played a positive role in driving the prices of crude oil.

Coffee Exports In Jan-Apr 2010 Reach 100,574 tonnes- May 3, 2010

Coffee exports from India during the January to April period of the calendar year 2010-11 recorded a growth of 42 per cent over the corresponding period last year. As per the data provided by Coffee Board of India; the country which is Asia's third largest producer, exported 100,574 tonnes in the first four months of 2010 backed by strong demand for the coffee globally coupled with strong domestic supplies.

The coffee board further revealed that coffee exports surged to Rs 1,025 crore in terms of value during the January-April period of 2010. The same was recorded to be at Rs 763.38 crore in the corresponding period in 2009. Speaking on the matter a senior board official said, "Exports have increased due to a rise in demand for robusta variety of coffee and increase in the re-export of processed coffee".

He however, pointed out that during the same period last year the country only exported 70,843 tonnes of coffee as the global demand was significantly lowered on back of the global economic recession. As per the data released by the coffee board, export of Arabica stood at 21,734 tonnes, while the export of robusta was about 51,173 tonnes during the January-April period of 2010. Robusta and Arabica are two famous verities of Indian coffee differentiated by their caffeine content. Robusta has higher caffeine content as compared to Arabica.

The data further revealed that the total overseas sale of instant coffee was recorded at 8,670 tonnes compared to 18,871 tonnes for that of re-export of processed-coffee, during the Jan-April, 2010 period. The export was led by companies like Tata Coffee, Nestle and NKG Jayanti Coffee Pvt Ltd and maximum shipments in terms of quantity were made to Italy (27,970 tonnes), Russia (12,646 tonnes) and Germany (9,442 tonnes) in the respective order.

While speaking on the matter Coffee Exporters Association President Mr. Ramesh Rajah said, "Exports are back to normal now as compared to last year. There have been good shipments from December 2009 up to April, thanks to improved demand and higher domestic crop." He however, pointed out that the strengthening rupee may prove to be dent in the future sustenance of the growth in the coffee exports.

Mr. Rajah further pointed out that, "Strengthening of rupee and hike in ocean freight rates may hit shipments adversely despite higher domestic supplies". The data released by the coffee Board points out at positive growth in the overall output of coffee. The data has estimated the total output to be at 2.89 lakh tonnes in the 2009-10 as compared to 2.62 lakh tonnes last season. Estimates are pointed towards the production during the coffee year which typically runs from the month of October to subsequent month of September. As per the data during the October-April period of the 2009-10 year, India's coffee exports grew to 1,45,352 tonnes as compared to 1,06,991 tonnes in the corresponding period last year.

Konkurs i börsbolag

Calle Froste | Antal kommentarer:
En vit lögn om ett dotterbolags konkurs kan få besvärande konsekvenser för det noterade bolaget Delling Group. Snart behöver bolaget pengar – igen.

Telefonsamtalet om konkursen i dotterbolaget i Rimbo kunde ha inletts på ett enklare sätt förGeir Lolleng, vd i Delling Group. Han är en av de två norrmän som tagit över en grupp svenska företag i marknadsförings- och utställningsbranschen de senaste åren:

- Det bolaget har vi sålt. Det berör inte oss, sade Geir Lolleng till Affärsvärldens reporter i slutet av augusti med anledning av att det tidigare välmående bolaget gått i konkurs med skulder som vid edgångssammanträdet 16 oktober uppgick till cirka 31 miljoner kronor.

Uppgiften om försäljningen stämde märkligt nog inte alls med Bolagsverkets uppgifter om de personer som satt i styrelsen. Både Lolleng och hans affärspartner Aksel Bratvedt satt med i dotterbolaget Scandinavian Exhibition Groups, tidigare Dellinger Expo, styrelse. Konfronterad med de uppgifterna blev beskedet från Geir Lolleng ett annat:

- Det var fel. Vi äger det där bolaget. Jag sade fel, sade han i samtal några dagar senare, den 2 september, när Affärsvärlden försökte få till stånd en intervju.

En vit lögn. Inget uppseendeväckande om det inte var så att Geir Lolleng och Aksel Bratvedt driver ett bolag, Delling Group, som är noterat på Londonbörsens sidolista Alternative Investment Market (Aim). Och att konkursen i dotterbolaget inte vare sig då eller senare har rapporterats i meddelanden till Aim.
Här kunde den här historien kanske ha slutat. Men så är det inte. För bolaget tycks ha siktet inställt på en notering på en börs eller marknadsplats i Stockholm. I ett uttalande från bolaget efter årsstämman den 5 augusti heter det nämligen att:
”För att tillfredställa efterfrågan från lokala investerare i Skandinavien har styrelsen bestämt sig för att ansöka om en notering i Skandinavien under det första kvartalet 2009. Det väntas öka antalet aktieägare och förbättra likviditeten i aktien.”

- Vi har tröttnat på Aim-listan och vill till Stockholm, inte minst eftersom vårt huvudkontor är i Stockholm, förtydligade Geir Lolleng företagets planer när Affärsvärlden träffade honom 12 september i de lokaler vid Wenner-Grens Center i Stockholm som då utgjorde företagets huvudkontor.
Uttalandet påminner en del om vad hans affärspartner sade i norska Finansavisen 14 februari 2007. Då meddelade denne att:

”Vi planerar för en börsnotering på Oslo Börs under 2008”, citerades Aksel Bratvedt säga som samtidigt sade att bolaget just hade genomfört en lyckad investeringsrunda hos norska investerare. Totalt hade dessa då satsat 12 friska miljoner i bolaget. Kanske hade de lockats av de gulddoftande drömmar som Finansavisen återgav:
”Målet för de kommande 2-3 åren är det ingenting som kan hindra. Det (målet) är 100 miljoner pund i omsättning, motsvarande 1,2 miljarder norska kronor där resultatet på sista raden skall stanna på 200 miljoner kronor”, hette det i den norska tidningen.

Verkligheten visar sig annorlunda. I halvårsrapporten, som presenterades 30 september i år, var omsättningen, uppräknad till årstakt, 21 miljoner pund, cirka 230 miljoner kronor. Och bolaget blöder – förlusten efter finansiella poster uppgick till ungefär 22 miljoner kronor.

Och att bolaget har satt konsten att komma med överdrifter i system är tydligt. I ett brev till viktiga kunder som skickades ut så sent som i augusti i år sägs bolaget ”idag” omsätta ”närmare 300 miljoner kronor”, vilket skulle innebära en veritabel tillväxtexplosion sedan 2003/2004 då bolaget omsatte 20 miljoner kronor. Samtidigt berättar Geir Lolleng för sina kunder också att bolaget har fått in 20 miljoner kronor i nyemission.

- Det vore bra om du inte skrev om den saken innan halvårsrapporten i slutet av september, var önskemålet från Geir Lolleng.

Affärsvärlden skrev inte men den rapporten visar att bolaget snart behöver mer pengar. För så vitt inte bolaget blir rejält lönsamt illa kvickt. Men den risken är, för den som tittar på bolagets historiska resultat, av allt att döma inte stor. De ackumulerade förlusterna under de senaste tre åren uppgår till 14 miljoner pund, cirka 170 miljoner kronor. Vd Geir Lollengs ord i den senaste årsredovisningen framstår mest som ett önsketänkande:
”Delling Group är välpositionerat för att fortsätta växa organiskt och för att nå en solid lönsamhet inom kort.”
Resultatet i halvårsrapporten som presenterades tre månader senare visade på en förlust på 22 miljoner kronor. Ytterligare.

I morgon. Läs om kompanjonerna som gjort en lång rad konkurser.

International Labour Relationships

International Labour

Relationships – By Geir Lolleng

English Summary

Part One

CHAPTER 1
http://geirlolleng.se/?p=1

The subject of this book is those legal issues which arise when a labour relationship is associated with more coun¬tries than one. The book is intended as a contribution to private international law in the area of labour law, and it deals with questions such as jurisdiction, choice of law and enforcement of judgments with respect to labour relation-ships.
Positive news, good results, legal success, geir lolleng, international, regional promotion, glory success, reporting,

Such problems appear to become increasingly topical. There is a trend towards a more international employment situation, one of the reasons for which is the emergence of new possibilities for speedy and efficient transportation of goods and services. Norway’s membership of the Euro¬pean Economic Area (EEA), which is itself a result of this process of internationalisation, will presumably lead to even greater internationalisation.
Geir Lolleng, Easier way, president, prosperous, information,
The concept of international labour law is a rather ambiguous term. In its widest sense it comprises all issues relating to employment law which have an international aspect. It is, however, possible to make a provisional divi-sion of international labour law into two groupings: those rules which apply to international cases, and those which stem from international sources of law. International labour law in the sense of public international law relating to labour relationships is an example of the former, while jurisdiction, governing law, and enforcement of judgments from other countries in the field of labour law (internatio¬nal labour relationships) are examples of the latter.

demand, investors, shareholders, increased, first quarter
There is no general statutory manifestation of the rules concerning international labour relationships. In Chapter XII B of the Act No. 4 of 4 February 1977 relating to Wor¬ker Protection and the Working Environment (hereinafter referred to as the Working Environment Act), there are, however, provisions concerning both jurisdiction and governing law with respect to expatriate agreements. Nor¬way has acceded to the Lugano Convention of 16 Septem¬ber 1988 on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judg¬ments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the Lugano Convention). This Convention, which is a convention parallel to the Brussels Convention of 27 September 1968 on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the Brussels Convention), concluded among the EU member states, contains special rules regar¬ding jurisdiction in cases where individual service contracts are at issue.

demand, investors, shareholders, increased, first quarter
Norway has not acceded to the Rome Convention of 19 June 1980 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (the Rome Convention). It applies merely among the EU member states and is not part of the EEA Agreement. Nevertheless, the view taken by these authors is that the Rome Convention represents an important source of law, even if Norway has not formally acceded to it, nor is in a position to accede to it without becoming a member of the EU.

turnover, shows, real growth explosion, grow organically
Jurisdiction and governing law are in principle two dif-ferent issues; it is not always the case that law courts apply their own law. There is, however, close correlation between these two issues. For instance, the question as to which nation’s law should be applied, always needs to be decided on the basis of the rules concerning governing law of the country of the court of law (lex fori). Furthermore, an agreement as to venue will also provide some guidance as to the governing law — and vice versa.

improve, share liquidity, headquarters, successfull investment round
Labour law is noted for several characteristic features. First of all, there is an imbalance in the strengths of the parties at the individual level. Furthermore, there is a large element of what one might refer to as rules of administra-tive law, such as for instance provisions concerning labour inspection, worker protection, social security benefit sys-tems etc. The not inconsiderable collective element, as represented by the social partners, is a third characteristic feature of labour law. There is a reflection of these charac-teristic features in the rules relating to international labour relationships, and for that reason it may at times be diffi-cult to apply the general rules of international private law to labour relationships.

By Geir Lolleng